Arabian Peninsula

The conquest of Mecca in 630 CE (8 AH) was the decisive event of the Prophetic era. After eight years of exile, Prophet Muhammad led ten thousand Muslims into the city, declared a general amnesty, purified the Kaaba of its idols, and transformed the Arabian political landscape.

The Ridda Wars (632–633 CE / 11–12 AH) were campaigns led by the first caliph Abu Bakr to suppress rebellions across Arabia after the Prophet's death, ranging from refusal of zakat to apostasy. Fought under commanders such as Khalid ibn al-Walid, they reunified Arabia under Medinan authority.