Justice

The fourth and final Rashidun Caliph (656-661 CE), cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad. Known for his courage, eloquence, and commitment to justice. His caliphate was marked by civil wars (First Fitna) that led to the permanent division of the Muslim community.

Known as Shuaib in Arabic, he was a prophet sent to the people of Midian, calling them to worship Allah alone and practice honesty in their commercial dealings, later becoming the father-in-law and mentor of Moses.

Sharia is the comprehensive legal and moral framework of Islam, derived from the Quran and Sunnah. It encompasses ethics, spirituality, and social justice, aiming to promote human welfare and establish a just society based on divine guidance.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c. 680-720 CE), the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruled about two and a half years and used them to attempt a thorough reform of the state: equalising the tax status of converts, halting expansion, restoring seized property, and ordering hadith to be collected in writing.

The second Rashidun Caliph (634-644 CE), known as 'Al-Faruq' (The Criterion). Under his leadership, the Islamic empire expanded dramatically, conquering the Sassanian Empire and much of the Byzantine Empire, while establishing sophisticated administrative and legal systems.