Richard the Lionheart

Salah al-Din (Saladin, 1137-1193 CE) was the Kurdish Muslim commander who founded the Ayyubid dynasty and united Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. He recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187 CE after his victory at the Battle of Hattin, becoming renowned for his military genius and chivalry.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars launched from Western Europe between 1095 and 1291 CE to capture Jerusalem and the Holy Land. They reshaped medieval Christian-Muslim relations, produced two centuries of intermittent conflict and exchange, and left a lasting legacy.