Alchemy

Abu Bakr al-Razi (854–925 CE), known in the Latin West as Rhazes, was the greatest clinical physician of the medieval Islamic world. His observations on smallpox and measles, his encyclopedia al-Hawi, and his chemistry shaped Islamic and European medicine for centuries.

Jabir ibn Hayyan (c. 721-815 CE), known in the Latin West as Geber, was the founding figure of systematic chemistry in the Islamic world, whose experimental methods, chemical discoveries, and laboratory innovations shaped both Islamic science and medieval European alchemy.