Alchemy

Abu Bakr al-Razi (854–925 CE), known in the Latin West as Rhazes, was the greatest clinical physician of the medieval Islamic world. His observations on smallpox and measles, his encyclopedia al-Hawi, and his chemistry shaped Islamic and European medicine for centuries.

Jabir ibn Hayyan, known in the Latin West as Geber, is the name attached to the founding corpus of Arabic chemical writing, which shaped Islamic science and medieval alchemy. Tradition places him at the early Abbasid court; modern scholarship dates the corpus later and doubts a single author.