Calligraphy

The building tradition of the Muslim world, from the first mosques of Medina to the present day and from Spain to Indonesia. Its recurring elements are the dome, the arch, the minaret and the courtyard, and its ornament is geometric rather than figural.

The visual tradition of the Muslim world across fourteen centuries and from Spain to Indonesia. It is united less by a single style than by shared principles: geometric pattern, arabesque, the primacy of calligraphy, and restraint in figural representation.

Lubna of Córdoba (10th century CE) was an Andalusian scholar, mathematician, and calligrapher who served as royal secretary and palace librarian under Caliph Al-Hakam II. She mastered mathematics, grammar, poetry, and calligraphy, symbolizing women's intellectual achievements in Al-Andalus.