Geography

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic Golden Age. His Kitab al-Hind remains the most systematic medieval study of India, while his astronomical, geodetic, and chronological work marked him as a scientist of the first rank.

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–850 CE) was a mathematician and astronomer at Baghdad's House of Wisdom whose treatise gave algebra its name, who introduced Hindu numerals to the Islamic world, and whose Latinized name became the root of the word algorithm.

Ibn Battuta (1304-1368/69 CE) was a Moroccan scholar and explorer who traveled over 75,000 miles across the Islamic world and beyond, documenting his journeys in the Rihla, one of the most important travel accounts in world literature.