Islamic Empire

The standardization of the Quran under Caliph Uthman (644–656 CE) was a defining act of early Islam. Undertaken around 650 CE to address regional differences in recitation, it produced the Uthmanic codex that became the basis for all later manuscripts used by Muslims worldwide.

The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) was the first major Islamic dynasty, ruling from Damascus and expanding the Islamic empire from Spain to Central Asia through unprecedented territorial growth and administrative innovation.