Islamic Thought

Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058–1111 CE) was among the most influential thinkers in Islamic history. His Ihya Ulum al-Din synthesized law, theology, and mysticism, while his critique of Aristotelian rationalism and account of spiritual crisis remain landmarks of medieval thought.

The Mu'tazilite school was a major rationalist theological movement of the Abbasid era that placed reason at the center of Islamic thought, shaping centuries of debate over divine justice, free will, and the nature of the Quran.