Mamluk Period

Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (1445-1505 CE), the prolific Egyptian polymath who authored over 600 works across virtually every Islamic science, making him one of the most productive scholars in Islamic history and a major authority in Quranic exegesis.

Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328 CE) was a Hanbali jurist and theologian in Mamluk Damascus and Cairo. He critiqued speculative theology and practices such as tomb visitation, issued influential fatwas, and was imprisoned repeatedly. His writings shaped later Islamic reform movements.