Omar Khayyam

Islamic mathematicians revolutionized mathematics during the Golden Age, developing algebra, advancing geometry and trigonometry, introducing the decimal system, and making groundbreaking contributions that laid foundations for modern mathematics.

Malik-Shah I (1055-1092) was the third Seljuk sultan, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent and its administrative and cultural height. His reign produced the Jalali solar calendar, and it ended with the deaths of both his vizier Nizam al-Mulk and himself within weeks.