Abdulhamid II

Abdulhamid II (1842-1918) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909, the last sultan to exercise real power. He promulgated the empire's first constitution, suspended parliament within two years, governed personally for three decades, and was deposed after the Young Turk Revolution.

Mehmed V (1844-1918) reigned as Ottoman sultan from 1909 to 1918 as a constitutional figurehead while the Committee of Union and Progress governed. His reign saw the loss of Libya and the Balkan provinces, entry into the First World War, and the Armenian genocide.