Anatolian Beyliks

Orhan Ghazi (c. 1281-1362) took Bursa, Nicaea and Nicomedia from the Byzantines, made Bursa his capital, and carried the Ottomans across the Dardanelles into Europe. Under him the frontier principality acquired the coinage, institutions and territory of a state.

Osman I (c. 1258-c. 1324) was the Turkoman frontier leader from whom the Ottoman dynasty takes its name. No written source survives from his lifetime, and almost everything recorded about him was set down more than a century later, which makes his reign the least documented of the dynasty.