Gallipoli

Mehmed V (1844-1918) reigned as Ottoman sultan from 1909 to 1918 as a constitutional figurehead while the Committee of Union and Progress governed. His reign saw the loss of Libya and the Balkan provinces, entry into the First World War, and the Armenian genocide.

Orhan Ghazi (c. 1281-1362) took Bursa, Nicaea and Nicomedia from the Byzantines, made Bursa his capital, and carried the Ottomans across the Dardanelles into Europe. Under him the frontier principality acquired the coinage, institutions and territory of a state.