Ottoman Caliphate

Abdülmecid II (1868-1944) was elected caliph by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in November 1922, after it separated the caliphate from the sultanate. He held an office stripped of temporal power for sixteen months until its abolition on 3 March 1924, then lived in exile until 1944.

Mehmed V (1844-1918) reigned as Ottoman sultan from 1909 to 1918 as a constitutional figurehead while the Committee of Union and Progress governed. His reign saw the loss of Libya and the Balkan provinces, entry into the First World War, and the Armenian genocide.

Mohammad Ali Jauhar (1878-1931) was an Indian Muslim leader, journalist, and orator who co-led the Khilafat Movement with his brother Shaukat Ali, forged a Hindu-Muslim alliance with Gandhi, and spent his final years advocating for Muslim political rights at the Round Table Conference in London.

Shaukat Ali (1873-1938) was an Indian Muslim leader who co-led the Khilafat Movement with his brother Mohammad Ali Jauhar. Known as the organizational force behind the movement, he was instrumental in forging the Hindu-Muslim alliance with Gandhi and spent years imprisoned for his activism.