Two-Nation Theory

Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938 CE) was a poet-philosopher and political leader considered the spiritual father of Pakistan. His poetry, philosophical works, and vision of Islamic revival profoundly influenced the Muslim world.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817–1898) was an Indian Muslim reformer, jurist, educator, and author who founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875 — the institution that became Aligarh Muslim University — and who was the principal motivating force behind the revival of Indian Muslim intellectual life in the late nineteenth century. His Aligarh Movement sought to reconcile Islamic faith with Western scientific education, and his political thought evolved from advocating Hindu-Muslim unity to arguing that Muslim interests required separate political representation.