Contemporary Islam

Islam has been present in North America for more than four centuries, beginning with enslaved West African Muslims. Some 3.45 million Muslims now live in the United States and 1.05 million in Canada, in communities formed by conversion and by immigration.

Islamic learning from the nineteenth century to the present. The classical pattern of mosque school, madrasa and scholarly circle met colonial and state education systems, producing reform, new Islamic universities, and lasting debate over how the two should meet.

Islamic history from 1800 to the present: the weakening of the Ottoman and other Muslim empires, the period of European colonial rule, the independence movements that followed, the founding of the modern Muslim states, and the changes since.