Maghreb

Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406 CE) was the greatest historian and social theorist of the medieval Islamic world. His Muqaddimah founded a science of civilization, explaining the rise and fall of dynasties through asabiyyah and anticipating modern sociology and economics.

Musa ibn Nusayr (c. 640-716 CE) was the Umayyad governor of North Africa who completed the conquest of the Maghreb, authorized Tariq ibn Ziyad's crossing into Spain, and personally led the second wave of the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

Uqba ibn Nafi (c. 622-683 CE) was the Arab commander who conquered North Africa for Islam, founded the city of Qayrawan (Kairouan) in Tunisia, and reportedly rode his horse into the Atlantic Ocean declaring he had reached the end of the land. He was martyred by Berber forces in 683 CE.